Heresy (Heretic) designated divisions, schisms, and factions with different opinions within the early Christian (Roman/Catholic) Church. As Christianity grew and developed, the early Christian (Roman/Catholic) Church established the basic teachings of the faith, the Apostles' Creed and Nicene Creed. Over the centuries, to keep those beliefs pure, the church singled out people who taught or believed ideas considered different and a threat to the early Christian (Roman/Catholic) Church and called them Heretics.
"Protestants generally trace to the 16th century their separation from the Catholic Church. Mainstream Protestantism began with the Magisterial Reformation, so called because it received support from the magistrates (that is, the civil authorities). The Radical Reformation, had no state sponsorship.
"The Radical Reformation represented a response to perceived corruption both in the Roman Catholic Church and in the expanding Magisterial Protestant movement led by Martin Luther and many others. Beginning in Germany and Switzerland in the 16th century, the Radical Reformation gave birth to many radical Protestant groups throughout Europe. The term covers radical reformers like Thomas Müntzer (c. 1489 – 1525), Andreas Karlstadt (1486-1541), groups like the Zwickau prophets of 1521-1522 and Anabaptist groups like the Hutterites (founded c. 1527 and the Mennonites (c. 1536- ). [ Williams, George H., The Radical Reformation, 3rd ed (Truman State Univ Press, 2000).
Older Protestant churches, such as the Unitas Fratrum (Unity of the Brethren), Moravian Brethren or the Bohemian Brethren trace their origin to the time of Jan Hus in the early 15th century. As the Hussite movement was led by a majority of Bohemian nobles and recognized for a time by the Basel Compacts, this is considered by some to be the first Magisterial Reformation in Europe. In Germany, a hundred years later, protests against Roman Catholic authorities erupted in many places at once during a time of threatened Islamic Ottoman invasion ¹ which distracted the German princes in particular. To some degree, these protests can be explained by the events of the previous two centuries in Europe and particularly in Bohemia. Earlier in the south of France, where the old influence of the Cathars led to the growing protests against the pope and his authorities, Guillaume Farel (b. 1489) preached reformation as early as 1522 in Dauphiné, where the French Wars of Religion later originated in 1562, also known as Huguenot wars. These also spread later to other parts of Europe.
- [ http://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/christianity/protestant-denominations/hussites Hussites: Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World ] [ Wikipedia]
- McGrath, Alister (1998), Historical Theology, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, p. 159, ISBN 0-63120843-7
- Saint-Clair, Geoffrey (2001), "Who's Who in the Reformation", The Radical Reformation, Catholic education, retrieved 2012-11-17
- Gstohl, Mark (2004), "The Magisterial Reformation", Movements, Xula, retrieved 2012-11-17
“Human Intelligence is defined as a general mental ability for reasoning, problem solving, and learning. Because of its general nature, intelligence integrates cognitive functions such as perception, attention, memory, language, or planning.^ Human Intelligence has a positive impact on the natural and social world.
“Human intelligence is rooted in widely distributed regions in the brain. Frontal and parietal lobes likely comprise crucial processing areas for intelligence, but integrity of hard connections across the entire brain or spontaneous harmonic coactivation among distant regions appear also to be relevant.^
“Creating a comprehensive picture for what can be called ^*“neuro-intelligence” should prove as challenging as it is exciting. [*Haier RJ. Neuro-intelligence, neuro-metrics and the next phase of brain imaging Studies. Intelligence. 2009; 37:121–123. Google Scholar] [^Colom R, Karama S, Jung RE, Haier RJ. Human intelligence and brain networks. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2010;12(4):489–501.]
Intelligent Human possess the cognitive abilities to learn, form concepts, understand, apply logic, and reason, including the capacities to recognize patterns, comprehend ideas, plan, solve problems, make decisions, retain information, and use language to communicate. [1. Tirri, Nokelainen (2011). Measuring Multiple Intelligences and Moral Sensitivities in Education. Moral Development and Citizenship Education. Springer. ISBN 978-94-6091-758-5.] [2. Triglia, A.; Regader, B.; & García-Allen, J.; (2018). "¿Qué es la inteligencia? Del CI a las inteligencias múltiples". Barcelona: EMSE.]
Science, an intellectual stimulus, is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic evidenced based methodology. [The Science Council 2019]
Neurotheology the scientific research for the neuroanatomy of religious beliefs, the place(s) in the brain where religious beliefs originate. [Medical Definition of Neurotheology, Medical Author: William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR, MedicineNet]
Religion is a cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, or spiritual elements. However, there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion.[1][2] Religions are emotional spiritual stimuli.
- Genesis is the Biblical account of nature.
- Neither Human Intelligence nor Science can create or nullify Creation.
"Christian Science is a set of beliefs and practices belonging to the metaphysical family of new religious movements.[n 2] It was developed in 19th-century New England by Mary Baker Eddy, who argued in her 1875 book Science and Health that sickness is an illusion that can be corrected by prayer alone.[n 3] The book became Christian Science's central text, along with the Bible, and by 2001 had sold over nine million copies.[4]
"Eddy and 26 followers were granted a charter in 1879 to found the Church of Christ, Scientist, and in 1894 the Mother Church, The First Church of Christ, Scientist, was built in Boston, Massachusetts.[5]Christian Science became the fastest growing religion in the United States, with nearly 270,000 members by 1936, a figure that had declined by 1990 to just over 100,000.[6] The church is known for its newspaper, the Christian Science Monitor, which won seven Pulitzer Prizes between 1950 and 2002, and for its public Reading Rooms around the world.[n 4]
"Eddy described Christian Science as a return to "primitive Christianity and its lost element of healing".[8] There are key differences between Christian Science theology and that of other branches of Christianity.[9]
- PBS, August 2008: "The church estimates it has about 400,000 members worldwide, but independent studies put membership at around 100,000."[3]
- Dawn Hutchinson, 2014: "Scholars of American religious history have used the term "New Thought" to refer either to individuals and churches that officially joined the International New Thought Alliance (INTA) or to American metaphysical religions affiliated with Phineas Quimby, Mary Baker Eddy, and Emma Curtis Hopkins. New Thought writers shared the idea that God is Mind."[15]
"James R. Lewis, 2003: "Groups in the metaphysical (Christian Science–New Thought) tradition ... usually claim to have discovered spiritual laws which, if properly understood and applied, transform and improve the lives of ordinary individuals ..."[17] John K. Simmons, 1995: "While members, past and present, of the Christian Science movement understandably claim Mrs. Eddy's truths to be part of a unique and final religious revelation, most outside observers place Christian Science in the metaphysical family of religious organizations ..."[18]
"Charles S. Braden, 1963: "[I]t was in America that [mesmerism] ... gave rise to a complex of religious faiths varying from one another in significant ways, but all agreeing upon the central fact that healing and for that matter every good thing is possible through a right relationship with the ultimate power in the Universe, Creative Mind—called God, Principle, Life, Wisdom ...
"This broad complex of religions is sometimes described by the rather general term 'metaphysical' ... The general movement has proliferated in many directions. Two main streams seem most vigorous: one is called Christian Science; the other, which no single name adequately describes, has come rather generally to be known as New Thought."[19]
3. The book was called Science and Health with a Key to the Scriptures from 1883, when a 20-page glossary was added containing Eddy's definitions of biblical terms. The subtitle was later amended to with Key to the Scriptures.
4. In April 2010, the Christian Science Journal listed 1,068 Reading Rooms in the United States and 489 elsewhere.[7]
"Scientology is a body of religious beliefs and practiceslaunched in May 1952 by American author L. Ron Hubbard(1911–86). Hubbard initially developed a program of ideas called Dianetics, which was distributed through the Dianetics Foundation. The foundation soon entered bankruptcy, and Hubbard lost the rights to his seminal publication Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health in 1952. He then recharacterized the subject as a religion and renamed it Scientology,[4] retaining the terminology, doctrines, the E-meter, and the practice of auditing.[5][6] Within a year, he regained the rights to Dianetics and retained both subjects under the umbrella of the Church of Scientology.[7][8][9][10][11][12]
- Cusack 2009, p. 400
- Lewis, J. (2017). Lewis, James R.; Hellesoy, Kjersti, eds. Handbook of Scientology. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Brill. ISBN 9789004330542.
- Associated Press (August 13, 1991). "Rural studio is Scientology headquarters". San Jose Mercury News. p. 6B.
- "L Ron Hubbard's Birthday: Who was he and what is Scientology? | Metro News". metro.co.uk. 2016-03-13. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
- "Scientology glossary". Retrieved August 7, 2013.
- Melton 2000, pp. 28
- "Remember Venus?". Time. December 22, 1952. Archived from the original on July 21, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
- Melton, J. Gordon (1992). Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America. New York: Garland Pub. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-8153-1140-9.
- Guiley, Rosemary (1991). Harper's Encyclopedia of Mystical & Paranormal Experience. [San Francisco]: HarperSanFrancisco. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-06-250365-7.
- 10.DeChant & Jorgenson 2003, p. 227
- Kent, Stephen A. (July 1999). "Scientology – Is this a Religion?" (PDF). Marburg Journal of Religion. 4(1): 1–23. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
- Cohen, David (October 23, 2006). "Tom's aliens target City's 'planetary rulers'". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2013. As Miscavige begins to crescendo "our next step is eradicating psychiatry from this planet, we will triumph!"
"Science of Mind was established in 1927 by Ernest Holmes (1887–1960) and is a spiritual, philosophicaland metaphysical religious movement within the New Thought movement. In general, the term "Science of Mind" applies to the teachings, while the term "Religious Science" applies to the organizations. However, adherents often use the terms interchangeably. In his book, The Science of Mind, Ernest Holmes stated "Religious Science is a correlation of laws of science, opinions of philosophy, and revelations of religion applied to human needs and the aspirations of man." He also stated that Religious Science/Science of Mind (RS/SOM) is not based on any "authority" of established beliefs, but rather on "what it can accomplish" for the people who practice it.[1] [Vahle(1993) p7]
"Scientism is an ideology that promotes science as the purportedly objective means by which society should determine normative and epistemological values. The term scientism is generally used critically, pointing to the cosmetic application of science in unwarranted situations not amenable to application of the scientific method or similar scientific standards.
"In the philosophy of science, the term scientism frequently implies a critique of the more extreme expressions of logical positivism[1][2] and has been used by social scientists such as Friedrich Hayek,[3]philosophers of science such as Karl Popper,[4] and philosophers such as Hilary Putnam[5] and Tzvetan Todorov[6] to describe (for example) the dogmatic endorsement of scientific methodology and the reduction of all knowledge to only that which is measured or confirmatory.[7]
- Rey, Abel (1909). "Review of La Philosophie Moderne". The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods. 6 (2): 51–3. doi:10.2307/2011609. JSTOR 2011609.
- Maslow, Abraham (1962), "Preface", Toward a Psychology of Being (1st ed.), There are criticisms of orthodox, 19th Century scientism and I intend to continue with this enterprise
- Hayek (June 1, 1980), The Counter Revolution of Science: Studies on the Abuse of Reason, Liberty Fund
- Hacohen, Malachi Haim (2002). Karl Popper: the formative years, 1902–1945: politics and philosophy in interwar Vienna. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89055-7.
- Putnam, Hilary (1992). Renewing Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. x.
- Todorov, Tzvetan. The Imperfect Garden: the legacy of humanism. Princeton University Press. 2001. Pg. 20. "Scientism does not eliminate the will but decides that since the results of science are valid for everyone, this will must be something shared, not individual. In practice, the individual must submit to the collectivity, which "knows" better than he does." [Wikipedia]
