Dr. Sean Michael Carroll is a theoretical physicist specializing in quantum mechanics, gravity, and cosmology. He is a research professor in the Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics in the California Institute of Technology Department of Physics. He received his BS from Villanova University and PhD from Harvard University. In his webinar, Carroll a brilliant young physicist, stated that the beginning of our Universe was very special and our Universe had a very special reason for 'a beginning'. " The cosmological arrow of time points in the direction of the universe's expansion. ... If this arrow of time is related to the other arrows of time, then the future is by definition the direction towards which the universe becomes bigger.
Thus, the universe expands, rather than shrinks, by definition." Recent research described "Recessional Velocity as the rate at which an extragalactic astronomical object recedes from an observer as a result of the expansion of the universe. "Importantly, this implies that the Recessional Velocity of each galaxy is accelerating, but the expansion rate of each galaxy is not; it’s decreasing.
It’s a challenging misconception to overcome, but hopefully now — armed with an in-depth explanation in plain English, you’ll understand that the objects within the Universe are accelerating, but the expansion rate of the Universe is not! [STARTS WITH A BANG, JANUARY 6, 2023 by Ethan Siegel, Ask Ethan: Is the Universe’s expansion accelerating or not?] Think about the expansion of a balloon and acceleration of the water contents inside the balloon as it fills ! and the gravity and anti-gravity and other conflictions in our Cosmos. “Shortly after its birth, the universe was filled with gas, mostly hydrogen. Over time, here and there, gravity pulled the gas into clouds which turned into galaxies and in which stars ignited. Stars shine by thermonuclear burning of the gas; of those that die in explosions, some blow the gas back out of the galaxies.
Out in intergalactic space, the gas cools and gets denser, until gravity pulls it back into the galaxy where new stars form. The process repeats: Gravity condenses gas into galaxies and stars, stars blow up and kick the gas out, gravity cycles the gas back in and makes new stars.” (The life and breath of galaxies. [Scientists track gas through time and space to better understand how conglomerations of stars are born and die by Ann Finkbeiner 08.22.2019, knowable Magazine]
"In his second book, ' From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time', Carroll explores the nature of the arrow of time, that goes forward from the past to the future, and postulates that the arrow owes its existence to conditions before the Big Bang. However, reasoning about what was there before the Big Bang has traditionally been dismissed as meaningless, for space and time are considered to be created exactly at the Big Bang. "Carroll argues that "understanding the arrow of time is a matter of understanding the origin of the universe" and in his explanations rely on the second law of thermodynamics, which states that all systems in the Universe tend to become more and more disorganized (increase in entropy).[3][4]
The arrow of time is based on ideas that go back to Ludwig Boltzmann, Austrian physicist of the 1870s.[5] " Craig Callender wrote that "Carroll seems slightly embarrassed by the many leaps of faith he asks of his reader" in explaining his hypothesis for the origin of the arrow of time.[8] [ Callender, Craig (2010-01-20). "A leap too far in this multiverse explanation of time". New Scientist. Retrieved 2020-02-29 ] {Wikipedia] Human Brain NeuroBioPhysicsology involves Relativity and Quantum Information Processing: from Mullti-Sensory Stimuli to Qubit InformationDevelopment to Purposeful Actions
- manifesting information and/or purpose directed qubits for delivery of neurophysiological actions, within Microtubules designated for specific NeuroBioPhysicsological purposes
- Mullti-Sensory Stimuli are next transmitted out the Neuron axons which are interconnected with NeuroNetworks for the specific NeuroBioPhysicsological actions
- Beginning with our Intelligent Design Creator, through our Interconnected Universe to our Human Souls, all are affected by the total impact of NeuroBioPhysicsological laws and constraints, (Brain cognition, Human life, biology, chemistry and physics)
- and ultimately that NeuroBioPhysicsology is purified and unified in the form of the Human Soul, the final stage of Human Creation,
- Within other Universes, additional NeuroBioPhysicsology, zoological and botanical entities and the Human Soul remain to be discovered.
- Boltzmann and Carroll's' Physics Hypotheses, deadlocked in the Mathematical Paradox Lost. merely scratch the surface of the 'Arrow of Time' with physics alone "leaps of faith", when ignoring all of the other NeuroBioPhysicsology requirements for Human Brain information processing, RNA and DNA and other Brain Codes and the Human Soul, the Final Stage of Human Creation, to name a few of their omissions.
- CHNOPS atomic elements were Created after the Big Bang, during an Almighty Nuclearsynthesis intervention in the 1st 2 minutes of Universe formation and are responsible for 98% of life in all Human Cells, which were intelligent designs,
- Our Universe and CHNOPS atomic elements Creations were not just for the ‘Cosmological Arrow of Time' that points in the direction of the universe's expansion.
- Our Universe with CHNOPS atomic elements Creations was not just an incidental jaculum [singular Latin] within a system of spontaneous multi-universe jacula (arrows).
- Cosmological Arrow of Time' was certainly not a “very special reason for 'a beginning' of our Universe”.
- However, in fact, Carroll’s Cosmological Arrow of Time owes its existence to conditions before the Big Bang, but not the conditions hypothesized by Carroll; not just incidental jacula [plural Latin], a Divine Intelligent Design Creation.
- but OUR UNIVERSE IS A DIVINE INTELLIGENT DESIGN CREATION, AN INTERCONNECTED RESONANT RHAPSODY ENERGY SYMPHONY ⁷¹ Aug, 2019
http://brainsthatbelieve.xyz/
13.8 Billion years ago, the Big Bang was Created as a purposeful cosmological seed for the Creation of our Universe. The Universe was intended to house 'mother nature', (all the sciences necessary), for the support of Intelligent Design Creation of Cognitive Human Life, aka Homo sapien-sapiens, containing a Brain with Consciousness NeuroNetworks. Selected NeuroNetworks were established for sensory perception, integration and processing of spiritual, religious and meditation practices and for storing their purposful mindfulness, for their memories and for the Human Soul. These DNA encoded Neuroanatomy tisssues and Neurophysiology actions are also known as the ('God Module') and the Final State of Human Creation. [mbmsrmd] Most physicists only consider the physics in the Universe, not all of 'mother nature', (all of the sciences necessary for everything), and disregard the Creation of Life and when Life actually begins, as if the beginning of life is not part of the Universe.
“The Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC) appears to be similar and equally as 'sterile', unless its nuts and bolts have been well disguised beneath its voluminous mathematics. 4.404 million years ago water first appeared on Earth. 4,280 million years ago the earliest possible life began on Earth.
- [16. Dodd, Matthew S.; Papineau, Dominic; Grenne, Tor; slack, John F.; Rittner, Martin; Pirajno, Franco; O'Neil, Jonathan; Little, Crispin T. S. (2 March 2017). "Evidence for early life in Earth's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates" (PDF). Nature. 543 (7643):p 60 Bibcode:2017Natur.543...60D. doi:10.1038/nature21377. PMID 28252057.
- [17. Zimmer, Carl (1 March 2017). "Scientists Say Canadian Bacteria Fossils May Be Earth's Oldest". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- [18. Ghosh, Pallab (1 March 2017). "Earliest evidence of life on Earth 'found'". BBC News. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- [19. Dunham, Will (1 March 2017). "Canadian bacteria-like fossils called oldest evidence of life". Reuters. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
- [Wikipedia]
The first belief systems and religions began about the same time in the Prehistoric Era. “Archaeological evidence suggests that prehistoric people 10,000 to 4,000 BCE (Before christ Era) were guided by their beliefs in spirits and sacred places. Their cave drawings and traces of their cultural objects indicate that they believed in an afterlife, although they probably did not practice polytheism, or a belief in many gods.”
- 1. [The neural correlates of religious and nonreligious belief by Harris S1, Kaplan JT, Curiel A, Bookheimer SY, Iacoboni M, Cohen MS, PLoS One. 2009 Oct 1;4(10):e0007272. PubMed]
- 2. [Brain networks shaping religious belief by Kapogiannis D1, Deshpande G, Krueger F, Thornburg MP, Grafman JH. Brain Connect. 2014 Feb;4(1):70-9. doi: 10.1089/brain.2013.0172. Epub 2014 Jan 15]
“The Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC) is a cosmological model in the framework of general relativity, advanced by the theoretical physicist Roger Penrose.[1][2][3] In CCC, the universe repeats itself through infinite cycles, with the future time like infinity of each previous repetition being identified with the Big Bang singularity of the next.[4] Penrose popularized this theory in his 2010 book Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe.
Physicist, Sean Carroll says “I’m all in favor of pre-Big-Bang cosmologies myself, and Penrose more than anyone has been correct in insisting that the low entropy of our early universe is a crucial problem that is not well-addressed in modern cosmology. Firstly, there isn’t any research of the CCC in the form of a freely-available peer reviewed technical research paper. CCC only appears in his book, Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe by Roger Penrose. “I can’t quite discern the underlying physical mechanism that makes CCC work.” Sean Carroll. The basic point is this. The very early universe is smooth. The universe right now is lumpy, with stars and galaxies and black holes all over the place. But the future universe will be smooth again — black holes will evaporate and the cosmological constant will disperse all the matter, leaving us nothing but empty space.
(Just wait about 10100 years. (10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 years)
So, Penrose says, the universe goes through a series of “aeons” that start with a smooth Big Bang, get lumpy as structure forms, smooth out again, and then gets matched onto another smooth Big-Bang-like phase, etc. “I’m sketchy on that”, said Carroll. While the early and late universes are both smooth, they are very different in other obvious ways, such as the energy density. What causes the low-density late universe to come alive into something like the high-density early universe?
“I don’t see where Penrose described what happens in the Steinhardt-Turok cyclic universe, to explain the phenomenon. Regardless, I am highly skeptical of Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC) no matter what flavor they come in. The most obvious empirical fact about our observable universe is its temporal asymmetry, the early phase is very different from the late phase, even though no such difference is to be found in the fundamental laws of physics.
“Our goal should be to explain that asymmetry. But cyclic cosmologies simply extend it over an infinite number of cycles, without any explanation. If you took a typical state of the universe today and played it backwards in time, you wouldn’t expect to get anything like these cyclic cosmologies; it would just collapse into a mess.” “What you would need to do is argue that this kind of Universe behavior arises robustly from a wide variety of possible initial (different) conditions.
If you need some special (different) conditions, fine, but you’re not doing any better than the ordinary Big Bang.” [Carroll] [Sean Carroll blog and website, physicist at Caltech, a theorist who thinks about the fundamental laws of nature, cosmology, violations of fundamental symmetries, the physics of dark energy, modifications of general relativity, the arrow of time, foundations of cosmology, statistical mechanics, quantum mechanics, and complexity] Imagine, our Universe's behavior might 'arise robustly' like a thuderous rain cloud. Both begin smoothly and, after time, turn lumpy with the production of their products, which is water for the cloud that in time bursts-forth its product, rain, and, for our Universe, bursts-forth its products, Human Souls.
Thereafter, both turn smooth again and quietly evaporate there entire existences, after swallowed-up by 'Mother Nature'. [mbmsrmd] Exact repetitiveness, exact exactness, is not a characteristic of rain clouds, 'Mother Natures', Black Holes, twins, Universe formation or anything else. Exact Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC) is not a characteristic of Universe formation, because differences are essential for adaptation, evolution, sustainability and everything. The ‘Mathematical Paradox Lost’ hanging around at the end of the Standard Model of Particle Physics, in spite of physical constants, is the result of differences throughout the Universe.
“A physical constant, sometimes fundamental physical constant or universal constant, is a physical quantity that is generally believed to be both universal in nature and have constant value in time. It is contrasted with a mathematical constant, which has a fixed numerical value, but does not directly involve any physical measurement. “There are many physical constants in science, some of the most widely recognized being the speed of light in vacuum c, the gravitational constant G, the Planck constant h, the electric constant ε0, and the elementary chargee.
“Physical constants can take many dimensional forms: the speed of light signifies a maximum speed for any object and its dimension is length divided by time; while the fine-structure constant α, which characterizes the strength of the electromagnetic interaction, is dimensionless. Physicists reserve the use of the term fundamental physical constant for dimensionless physical constants, such as the fine-structure constant α. “Physical constant in the sense under discussion in this article should not be confused with other quantities called "constants" that are assumed to be constant in a given context without the implication that they are fundamental, such as the "time constant" characteristic of a given system, or material constants, such as the Madelung constant, electrical resistivity, and heat capacity.
“The International Bureau of Weights and Measures decided to redefine several SI base units as from 20 May 2019 by fixing the SI value of several physical constants, including the Planck constant, h, the elementary charge, e, the Boltzmann constant, kB, and the Avogadro constant, NA. The new fixed values are based on the best measurements of the constants based on the earlier definitions, including the kilogram, to ensure minimal impact. As a consequence of the redefinition, the uncertainty in the value of many physical constants when expressed in SI units are substantially reduced.
All light elements with atomic numbers equal to or less than 16 were formed after nucleosynthesis of Hydrogen² (H²) during the first 2 minutes to 20 minutes age of our Universe. These CHNOPS light atomic weight elements are creations after our Universe Big Bang and are essential to biological differences within our universe and characteristics of non-repetitiveness. Nothing in the Kingdom of life is identical, not even DNA. Cosmological differences and Differences in the 6 Kingdoms of Life (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) within our special Universe are essential for adaptation, evolution and sustainability.
Identicality is not responsible for relatively, reasonably repetitive Multiple Universes. Intelligent Design Creation by our Almighty God is a hypothesis for Multiple Universes’ differences. "Identical twins, animals in the Animal Kingdom, butterflies, Rainbows, supernova, strands of DNA are not identical. Remarkably, even identical Twins are not identical. Identical Twins' Genes Are Not Identical. Twins may appear to be cut from the same cloth, but their genes reveal a different pattern By Anne Casselman on April 3, 2008, Scientific American]
Identical twins are identical, right? After all, they derive from just one fertilized egg, which contains one set of genetic instructions, or genome, formed from combining the chromosomes of mother and father. But experience shows that identical twins are rarely completely the same. Until recently, any differences between twins had largely been attributed to environmental influences (otherwise known as "nurture"), but a recent study contradicts that belief. Geneticist Carl Bruder of the University of Alabama at Birmingham, and his colleagues closely compared the genomes of 19 sets of adult identical twins.
In some cases, one twin's DNA differed from the other's at various points on their genomes. At these sites of genetic divergence, one bore a different number of copies of the same gene, a genetic state called copy number variants. Normally people carry two copies of every gene, one inherited from each parent. "There are, however, regions in the genome that deviate from that two-copy rule, and that's where you have copy number variants," Bruder explains. These regions can carry anywhere from zero to over 14 copies of a gene. Scientists have long used twins to study the roles of nature and nurture in human genetics and how each affects disease, behavior, and conditions, such as obesity.
But Bruder's findings suggest a new way to study the genetic and environmental roots of disease. For example, one twin in Bruder's study was missing some genes on particular chromosomes that indicated a risk of leukemia, which he indeed suffered. The other twin did not. Bruder therefore believes that the differences in identical twins can be used to identify specific genetic regions that coincide with specific diseases. Next, he plans to examine blood samples from twin pairs in which only one suffers from asthma or psoriasis to see whether he can find gene copy number changes that relate to either of these illnesses.
The result might also call into question the many findings of previous twin studies that assumed identical twins were indeed identical, Bruder notes. "It's pretty unlikely they're going to significantly change any of the results found so far," counters Kerry Jang, a psychologist at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, who runs Canada's largest twin study. "We can adjust our models to take [genetic differences] into account in the same way we've adjusted for different environments."
The discovery of this genetic variation gives hope for an obscure but pressing issue in the case of a criminal suspect who is an identical twin. "If one twin is a suspect and the whereabouts of the other twin cannot be determined, then the jury is often left without the ability to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt" in cases that rely on DNA evidence, says Frederick Bieber, a pathologist at Harvard Medical School. "If the twin issue comes up in a criminal investigation it's possible that if there are [copy number variants] that differ between the two twins that might help sort that out," Bieber says.
Given that there are 80 pairs of identical twins in Virginia's convicted offender database alone, this might not be as small an issue as it may sound. And such genetic variation also matters to the population at large. Bruder speculates that such variation is a natural occurrence that accumulates with age in everyone. "I believe that the genome that you're born with is not the genome that you die with—at least not for all the cells in your body," he says. Not only are identical twins' genomes not-identical, but each identical twin genome is not-identical with its own genome self at birth and death.
Human cellular characteristics at birth are different from their Human cellular characteristics at death. Human identical twins genomes are not-identical twice during their life cycles. Sibling twins are not-identical genomically at birth and each twin at birth is not-identical genomically with itself at death. Charles Lee, a geneticist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, agrees. The differences between identical twins increase as they age, because environmentally triggered changes accumulate. But twins can also begin their lives with differences, according to Bruder's study, and that calls into question their very name. "Maybe we shouldn't call them identical twins," Harvard's Bieber says. "We should call them 'one-egg twins.'"
Differences are essential for sustainability of our entire Universe and its ‘Interconnectedness’. Dissimilar, diverse, unidentical Universes, Black holes, rainbows, humans, fingerprints, twins, ocular iris scans, Final Stage of Human Creation, the God Module in the Brain, and causative Soul are not identical to any other similar entity. Consider that the human brain is one of the most complex structures we have ever tried to understand. All those layers of fragile, excitable tissue folded upon one another like layers of an onion for precision computer-like Neurophysiology.
There at least hundreds of Human Brain Neuron types and subtypes. The Human Brain contains around 100 billion (86 billion to be exact one source) neurons densely packed into 3 pounds of brain tissue, but no 2 Human beings have the exact number and matching types of Brain Neurons. The only means for discovering and defining, heretofore, specific subatomic conundrums is to investigate the smallest, tinyest exotic particles and energy states.
- Many different Black Holes exist in our Universe. [How Many Types of Black Holes Are There? June 24, 2018 by Leonard Kelley, Owlcation»
- There are many different stars in our Universe listed n several star classification systems [List of Different Star Types, October 28, 2017 Peter Christoforou, Astronomy Trek]
- Studies suggest that there are many different planets and at least one planet on average per star.[Cassan, A.; Kubas, D.; Beaulieu, J. P.; Dominik, M; et al. (2012). "One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations". Nature. 481 (7380): 167–169. arXiv:1202.0903. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..167C. doi:10.1038/nature10684. PMID 22237108.]
- There are many different galaxies and about 10 billion galaxies in the observable universe!
- The number of stars in a galaxy varies, but assuming an average of 100 billion stars per galaxy means that there are about 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (that's 1 billion trillion) stars in the observable universe! Feb 19, 2013, UC Santa Barbra Science]
- As far as how many asteroids there are… well, if you only consider those larger than 100 meters orbiting within the inner Solar System, there’s over 150 million. Count smaller ones and you get even more. [How Many Asteroids Are Out There? Sept 25, 2012, by Jason Major, Universe Today]
- Differences in our Universe are the rule, not the exception.
“Cosmic-flows,” have been Brent Tully's life-long work since 1981. Recently he released his important findings concerning our Universe. (August 10, 2019). Tully released his 1st Entire, 3D Maps Our ‘Observable’ Universe and Galaxies (small dots=Galaxies). Please see the photo above.The Photo above shows the 3D Galaxies lines streaming downhill toward the Universe center. The Red Dots are dense Galaxy Clusters, that have been growing since Big Bang Milky Way Galaxy formation.
The Universe reveals a new appearance. Our solar system, familiar stars, Milky Way etc. are not visible. 3D maps scale is so vast that the entire galaxies shrink to small dots' The Tully Master Plan of the Universe is a Record of everything in our part of the observable Universe since after the Big Bang13.8 Billion years ago. Tully Master Plan record shows 4 basic cosmos different configurations: “clusters, filaments, sheets + voids.” The 4 basic different cosmos configurations are not cookie-cutter differences and unique to our Universe and not repeatable in the Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC) Multiverse system.
- Distance Earth from the Observable Universe edge= 46.5 billion light-years=(14.26 gigaparsecs)(4.40×1026 meters). Observable Universe possibly = sphere with diameter 93 billion light-years (28.5 gigaparsecs) (or 8.8×1026 meters).
- However, the Entire, Global Universe is possibly an expanding sphere [Master plan of our Universe revealed in new galaxy maps. Our Milky Way galaxy is a tiny speck in the midst of other galaxies and colossal voids. Aug. 11, 2019, By Corey S. Powell. MACH]
Differences in every aspect and entitiy within our Universe and the Creation of different, yet harmonious, associational energy resonances, and the sustainability of our 'Universe Interconnectedness', 'Interconnected Wholeness', are the rule, not the exception.
Imagine molding many different out of sync energy vibrations or frequencies to harmonize together. That would be similar to directing an orchestra to synchronize in harmony, when all the instruments are out of tune. That is a very complicated feat and not spontaneous, but by design. And our remarkable Universe is a system of disharmonious harmonization. Intelligent Design Creation, not the monotonous, repetitive CCC, is the most reasonable, rational scientific hypothesis for the complex harmonious procession of our expanding Universe.
Is Supersymmetry the answer? Will Supersymmetry synch the Mathematical Paradox Lost and harmonize the symphony? “Supersymmetry is a type of spacetime symmetry. Supersymmetry is a possible candidate for undiscovered particle physics, and seen as an elegant solution to many current problems in particle physics, when confirmed correct, will resolve various areas where current theories are believed to be incomplete.
- "Abstract: Composite Higgs and neutral-naturalness models are popular scenarios in which the Higgs boson is a pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson (PNGB), and naturalness problem is addressed by composite top partners.
- "Since the standard model effective field theory (SMEFT) with dimension-six operators cannot fully retain the information of Higgs nonlinearity due to its PNGB nature, we systematically construct low energy Lagrangian in which the information of compositeness and Higgs nonlinearity are encoded in the form factors, the two-point functions in the top sector.
- "We classify naturalness conditions in various scenarios,
- "and first present these form factors in composite neutral naturalness models.
- After extracting out Higgs effective couplings from these form factors and performing the global fit, we find the value of Higgs top coupling could still be larger than the standard model one if the top quark is embedded in the higher dimensional representations.
- Also we find the impact of Higgs nonlinearity is enhanced by the large mass splitting between composite states.
- In this case, pattern of the correlation between the tth¯ and tthh ¯ couplings is quite different for the linear and nonlinear Higgs descriptions.
- [Effective field theory (EFT) meets Higgs Nonlinearity, Compositeness and (Neutral) Naturalness, Hao-Lin Li,1, et al, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, China 2, 3, 4, 5,School of Physical Sciences, . China 4Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, 5Center for High Energy Physics, a, arXiv:1904.05359v2 [hep-ph] 22 May 2019]
"In particle physics, supersymmetry (SUSY) is a principle that proposes a relationship between two basic classes of elementary particles: bosons, which have an integer-valued spin, and fermions, which have a half-integer spin.[1][2] "A type of spacetime symmetry, supersymmetry, is a possible candidate for undiscovered particle physics, and seen as an elegant solution to many current problems in Standard Model of Particle Physics. If confirmed correct, supersymmetry could resolve various areas where current theories are believed to be incomplete.
A supersymmetrical extension to the Standard Model of Particle Physics would resolve major hierarchy problems within gauge theory, by guaranteeing that quadratic divergences of all orders will cancel out inperturbation theory." (Final equasions' sides are equal. References 1. Haber, Howie. "SUPERSYMMETRY, PART I (THEORY)"(PDF). Reviews, Tables and Plots. Particle Data Group (PDG). Retrieved 8 July 2015.2. "supersymmetry". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved October 2,2017.
The word gauge means a measurement, a thickness, an in-between distance (as in railroad tracks), or a resulting number of units per certain parameter (a number of loops in an inch of fabric or a number of lead balls in a pound of ammunition).[1] Modern theories describe physical forces in terms of fields, e.g., the electromagnetic field, the gravitational field, and fields that describe forces between the elementary particles.
A general feature of these field theories is that the fundamental fields cannot be directly measured; however, some associated quantities can be measured, such as charges, energies, and velocities. A transformation from one such field configuration to another is called a gauge transformation A gauge theory is a mathematical model that has symmetries of this kind, together with a set of techniques for making physical predictions consistent with the symmetries of the model.
“A supersymmetrical extension to the Standard Model of Particle Physics would resolve major hierarchy problems within gauge theory, by guaranteeing that quadratic divergences of all orders will cancel out in perturbation theory the system deviates the actions. Working backward from soluton, when both sides of the equation are equal, one step at a time to find the beginning, (said to be like the fad New Math, and algorhythms) the necessary spins, reqired energy fields and exotic particles are hypothesized. “Supersymmetry close to the electroweak scale ameliorates the hierarchy problem that afflicts the Standard Model.[19]
In the Standard Model, the electroweak scale receives enormous Planck-scale quantum corrections. The observed hierarchy between the electroweak scale and the Planck scale must be achieved with extraordinary fine tuning. In a supersymmetric theory, on the other hand, Planck-scale quantum corrections cancel between partners and superpartners (owing to a minus sign associated with fermionic loops). The hierarchy between the electroweak scale and the Planck scale is achieved in a natural manner, without miraculous fine-tuning.“The idea that the gauge symmetry groups unify at high-energy is called Grand unification theory. In the Standard Model, however, the weak, strong and electromagnetic couplings fail to unify at high energy. In a supersymmetry theory, the running of the gauge couplings are modified, and precise high-energy unification of the gauge couplings is achieved. {The Universe symphony is in sync}.
The modified running also provides a natural mechanism for radiative electroweak symmetry breaking. “A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is a model in particle physics in which, at high energy, the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model that define the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions, or forces, are merged into a single force. All 4 fundamental forces are believed to be related, and to unite into a single force at high energies on a minuscule scale, the Planck scale, but particle accelerators cannot produce the enormous energies required to experimentally probe this. (When the fundamental forces are high energy and merged into 1 force, they are harmonic. The Mathematical Paradox Lost in the Standard Model of Particle Physics is found in Supersymmetry.)
Although this unified force has not been directly observed, the many GUT models theorize its existence. If unification of these three interactions is possible, it raises the possibility that there was a grand unification epoch. Future larger sized colliders will probably tell the tale. {The Universe symphony is in sync} in the very early universe in which these three fundamental interactions were not yet distinct [ David, Curtin (August 2011). "MODEL BUILDING AND COLLIDER PHYSICS ABOVE THE WEAK SCALE" (PDF)(COLLIDER PHYSICS ABOVE THE WEAK SCALE)].
From current reproducible knowledge, the only means for discovering and defining, heretofore, specific subatomic conundrums and discovering and defining a new Supersymmetry Model is to investigate the smallest, tinyest exotic particles and energy states possibly in a new larger' collider. Next see: OUR UNIVERSE IS A RESONANT RHAPSODY ENERGY SYMPHONY ⁷¹: Webinar http://brainsthatbelieve.xyz/
- [Bentivoglio, M. Life and Discoveries of Santiago Ramon y Cajal. Nobelprize.org. 1998. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1906/cajal-article.html
- [Costandi, M. The discovery of the neuron. Neurophilosopy. 2006.] http://neurophilosophy.wordpress.com/2006/08/29/the-discovery-of-the-neuron/]
- [Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM 2000. Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York]
- [Mazzarello, P. A unifying concept: the history of cell theory. Nature Cell Biology 1, E13 - E15 (1999) doi:10.1038/8964]
- [Schoonover, Carl. 2010. Portraits of Mind. Abrams.]
- [Know Your Neurons: How to Classify Different Types of Neurons in the Brain's Forest By Ferris Jabr on May 16, 2012, Scientific American]
